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Bubbles

Austin WG and DH Howry. Ultrasound as a method to detect bubbles or particulate matter in the arterial line during cardiopulmonary bypass. J Surg Res 1965; 5: 283-284.

Belcher EO. Quantification of bubbles formed in animals and man during decompression. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1980; 27(6): 330-338.

Butler BD and M Kurusz. Gaseous microemboli: a review. Perfusion 1990; 5: 81-99.

Craft RM, et al. Precordial Doppler probe placement for detecting venous air embolism reassessed. Anesthesiology 1994; 31(3A). (abstract #A230)

Fagraeus L, Miller JN, and PB Bennett. Guidelines for the treatment of decompression sickness. Undersea Biomed Res 1977; 4(1): A23.

Fritz H and KA Hossman. Arterial air embolism in the cat brain. Stroke 1979; 10(5): 581-589.

Gorman DF and DM Browning. Cerebral vasoreactivity and arterial gas embolism. Undersea Biomed Res 1986; 13(3): 317-335.

Gorman DF, Browning DM, and DW Parsons. Redistribution of cerebral arterial gas emboli: a comparison of treatment regimens. Presented at the 9th International Symposium on Underwater and Hyperbaric Physiology, Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Bethesda, MD, 1987. 1031-1050.

Klepper JR. Ultrasonic methods for detection and sizing of venous gas emboli. From the Proceedings of the IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium 1982; 2: 668-672.

Krebber HJ, et al. Microembolization due to microbubbles released from the oxygenator. In: Psychopathological and Neurological Dysfunctions Following Open Heart Surgery. Edited by Becker R, et al. New York: Springer Verlag, 1982. 352-361.

Lubbers J and JW Van Den Berg. An ultrasonic detector for microgasemboli in a bloodflow line. Ultrasound Med Biol 1977; 2(4): 301-310.

Mayberg TS, Matta BF, and AM Lam. The influence of arterial oxygenation on cerebral venous oxygen saturation during hyperventilation. Anesthesiology 1994; 31(3A). (abstract #229)

Meldrum BS, Papy JJ, and RA Vigouroux. Intracarotid air embolism in the baboon: effects on cerebral blood flow and the electroencephalogram. Brain Res 1971; 25(2): 301-315.

Menkin M and RJ Schwartzman. Cerebral air embolism. Report of five cases and review of the literature. Arch Neurol 1977; 34(3): 168-170.

Moehring MA and JA Ritcey. Fundamental concepts regarding sizing and discrimination of air bubbles and red cell aggregates using pulsed-Doppler ultrasound. Echocardiography 1996; 13(5): 567-571.

Nishi RY. Ultrasonic detection of bubbles with Doppler flow transducers. Ultrasonics 1972; 10(4): 173-179.

Reul J, et al. Central nervous system lesions and cervical disc herniations in amateur divers. Lancet 1995; 345(8962): 1403-1405.

Spencer MP and MR Powell. The etiology of convulsions after hyperbaric exposures. Undersea Biomed Res 1977; 4(1): A23.

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