Aronow WS, Ahn C, and I Kronzon. Prevalence of echocardiographic findings in 554 men and in 1,243 women aged >60 years in a long-term health care facility. Am J Cardiol 1978; 79(3): 379-380.

Chimowitz M, et al. Transcranial Doppler ultrasound identifies right-to-left cardiac or pulmonary shunts. Neurology 1991; 41(12): 1902-1904.

Cucchiara RF, Nishimura RA, and S Black. Failure of preoperative echo testing to prevent paradoxical air embolism: report of two cases. Anesthesiology 1989; 71(4): 604-607.

Glen S, et al. Transcranial Doppler ultrasound in commercial air divers: a field study including cases with right-to-left shunting. Undersea Hyperb Med 1995; 22(2): 129-135.

Hausmann, D, Mügge A, Becht I, and Daniel WG, Diagnosis of patent foramen
ovale by transesophageal echocardiography and association with cerebral and
peripheral embolic events, Am J Cardiol 1992; 70(6):668-672.

Itoh T, et al. Paradoxical embolism as a cause of ischemic stroke of uncertain etiology. A transcranial Doppler sonographic study. Stroke 1994; 25(4): 771-775.

Knauth M, et al. Brain lesion in sport divers: correlation with patent foramen ovale (PFO). Presented at the 22^nd Int’l Joint Conference on Stroke and Cerebral Circulation, Anaheim, CA, Feb 6-8, 1997. Stroke 1997; 28(1): 238. (abstract #34)

Lechat P, et al. Prevalence of patent foramen ovale in patients with stroke. New Engl J Med 1988; 318(18): 1148-1152.

Moon RE, Camporesi EM, and JA Kisslo. Patent foramen ovale and decompression sickness in divers. Lancet 1989; 1(8637): 513-514.

Paolo AG, Magoni M, and E Renaldini. Patent foramen ovale can be assessed by transcranial Doppler. Presented at the 8th Int'l Symposium on Cerebral Hemodynamics, Münster, Germany, Sept 25-27, 1994. (abstract #52)

Ringelstein EB, et al. Paradoxical embolism is a major cause of stroke in the young. Presented at the 6th Int'l Symposium on Cerebral Hemodynamics, Phoenix, AZ, Jan 26-29, 1992. Stroke 1992; 23(3): 77. (abstract #76)

Spencer MP, Moehring MA, Jesurum J, Gray WA, Olsen JV, Reisman M. Power M-Mode Transcranial Doppler for Diagnosis of Patent Foramen Ovale and Assessing Transcatheter Closure. J Neuroimaging 2004; 14:342-349.

Teague SM and MK Sharma. Detection of paradoxical cerebral echo contrast by transcranial Doppler ultrasound. Stroke 1991; 22(6): 740-745.

Webster MW, et al. Patent foramen ovale in young stroke patients. Lancet 1988; 2(8601): 11-12.