Home
Up
News
Products
Customer Support
PMD Research
R & D
Industry Resources
Company
Employment
Contact Us
 

 

Technique, Methods, Experimental

Albin MS, et al. The transcranial Doppler can image microaggregates of intracranial air and particulate matter. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 1989; 1(2): 134-135.

Belcher EO. Quantification of bubbles formed in animals and man during decompression. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1980; 27(6): 330-338.

Berger MP and CH Tegeler. Doppler embolus detection. Presented at Embolus Detection, Winston-Salem, NC, 1992. In: Transcranial Doppler Sonography. Edited by Babikian VL and L Wechsler. Philadelphia: Mosby-Yearbook, Inc.

Brown MM and HS Markus. Transcranial Doppler detection of asymptomatic cerebral microemboli. J Heart Valve Dis 1994; 3(2): 126-127.

Bunegin L, Wahl D, and MS Albin. Detection and volume estimation of embolic air in the middle cerebral artery using transcranial Doppler sonography. Stroke 1994; 25(3): 593-600.

Butler BD and B Hills. The lung as a filter for microbubbles. J Appl Physiol 1979; 47: 537-543.

Diehl RR, et al. Evidence of embolization from a posterior cerebral artery thrombus by transcranial Doppler monitoring. Stroke 1993; 24(4): 606-608.

Droste DW, et al. Detection of clinically silent circulating emboli by transcranial Doppler ultrasound. An updated review and own results. JEMU 1996; 17(3): 185-191.

Droste DW, et al. Embolic signals at different velocities studied in transcranial Doppler models. Presented at the 8th Int'l Symposium on Cerebral Hemodynamics, Münster, Germany, Sept 25-27, 1994. Cerebrovasc Dis 1994; 4(supp 3). (abstract #110)

Droste DW, Markus HS, and MM Brown. The effect of different settings of ultrasound pulse amplitude, gain and sample volume on the appearance of emboli studied in transcranial Doppler model. Cerebrovasc Dis 1994; 4: 152-156.

Eckert B, et al. Transcranial Doppler monitoring during percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of severe carotid artery stenosis. Presented at the 8th Int'l Symposium on Cerebral Hemodynamics, Münster, Germany, Sept 25-27, 1994. (abstract #65)

Edmonds-Seal J and JC Maroon. Air embolism diagnosed with ultrasound. A new monitoring technique. Anaesthesia 1969; 24(3): 438-40.

Fong J, et al. Are Doppler-detected venous emboli during cesarean section air emboli? Anesth Analg 90; 71(3): 254-257.

Furuhata H and M Takatasu. Three dimensional cerebral angiogram by transcranial ultrasonic computer tomography. Presented at the 5th Meeting of Neurosonology Research Group; World

Federation of Neurology, Toronto, Canada, Sept 1-3, 1993. (abstract #A-27)

Furui E, et al. "Tail sign" associated with microembolic signals. Stroke 1999; 30(4): 863-866.

Gaunt ME, et al. Detection of symptomless cerebral emboli. Lancet 1994; 343(8912): 1577-1578.

Georgiadis D, et al. A novel technique for identification of Doppler microembolic signals based on the coincidence method. In vitro and in vivo evaluation. Stroke 1996; 27 (4): 683-686.

Georgiadis D, et al. Automated intraoperative detection of Doppler microemboli signals using the bigate approach. Stroke 1998; 29(1): 137-139.

Gillis MF, et al. Detection of minute venous air emboli with ultrasound. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1968; 127: 1236-1238.

Gillis MF, Karagianes MT, and PL Peterson. Bends: detection of circulating gas emboli with external sensor. Science 1968; 161(841): 579-580.

Gottdiener JS, et al. Incidence and cardiac effects of systemic venous air embolism. Echcardiographic evidence of arterial embolization via noncardiac shunt. Arch Intern Med 1988; 148(4): 795-800.

Grosset DG, et al. Detection of microemboli by transcranial Doppler ultrasound. Tex Heart Inst J 1996; 23(4): 289-292.

Grosset DG, et al. Doppler emboli signals vary according to stroke subtype. Stroke 1994; 25(2): 382-384.

Grosset DG, et al. Quantification of ultrasound emboli signals in patients with cardiac and carotid disease. Stroke 1993; 24(12): 1922-1924.

Grosset DG, et al. Transcranial Doppler for emboli. (letter) Neurology 1994; 44(10): 1980-1981.

Hennerici MG. High intensity transcranial signals (HITS): a questionable 'jackpot' for the prediction of stroke risk. (editorial) J Heart Valve Dis 1994; 3(2): 124-125.

Hills BA and DC Brulke. Evaluation of ultrasonic bubble detectors in vitro using calibrated microbubbles at selected velocities. Ultrasonics July 1975; 13(4): 181-184.

Homer S, et al. Detection of middle cerebral artery emboli using simultaneous bilateral transcranial Doppler monitoring. Presented at the 8th Int'l Symposium on Cerebral Hemodynamics, Münster, Germany, Sept 25-27, 1994. Cerebrovasc Dis 1994; 4(supp 3). (abstract #75)

Karuparthy VR, et al. Incidence of venous air embolism during cesarean section is unchanged by the use of a 5 to 10 degree head-up tilt. Anesth Analg 1989; 69(5): 620-623.

Kelly GL, Dodi G, and B Eisman. Ultrasound detection of fat emboli. Surg Forum 1972; 23: 459-61.

Kemény V, et al. Automatic embolus detection by a neural network. Stroke 1999; 30(4): 807-810.

Klepper JR, Curry MA, and MP Spencer. Automatic detection of cerebral emboli. Presented at the 5th Int'l Symposium on Intracranial Hemodynamics, San Francisco, CA, Feb 18-20, 1991. J Cardiovas Tech 1990; 9(3): 281-282. (abstract #57)

Lindner A, et al. Identification of microembolic signals with a bigate probe in patients with heart valves. Eur J Med Res 1997; 2(7): 299-301.

Mahony C. The ultrasonic detection of platelet aggregates. Thrombosis Research 1987; 47(6): 665-672.

Markus H, Cullinane M, and G Reid. Improved automated detection of embolic signals using a novel frequency filtering approach. Stroke 1999; 30(8): 1610-1615. Å

Markus H, et al. How good is intercenter agreement in the identification of embolic signals in carotid artery disease? Stroke 1996; 27(7): 1249-1252.

Markus H, Loh A, and MM Brown. Computerized detection of cerebral emboli and discrimination from artifact using Doppler ultrasound. Stroke 1993; 24(11): 1667-1672.

Markus H. Transcranial Doppler detection of circulating cerebral emboli. Stroke 1993; 24(8): 1246-1250.

Markus HS and CG Tegeler. Experimental aspects of high-intensity transient signals in the detection of emboli. J Clin Ultrasound 1995; 23(2): 81-87.

Markus HS and MM Brown. Differentiation between different pathological cerebral embolic materials using transcranial Doppler in an in vitro model. Stroke 1993; 24(1): 1-5.

Markus HS, et al. Intercenter agreement in reading Doppler embolic signals. A multicenter international study. Stroke 1997; 28 (7): 1307-1310.

Markus HS. Experimental embolic events. Cerebrovasc Dis 1995; 5: 117-120.

Maroon JC and MS Albin. Air embolism diagnosed by Doppler ultrasound. Anesth Analg 1974; 53(3): 399-402.

Maroon JC, et al. Detection of minute venous air emboli with ultrasound. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1968; 127(6): 1236-1238.

Mess WH, Titulaer BM, and RGA Ackerstaff. Middle cerebral artery anatomy and characteristics of embolic signals: a dual gate computer simulation study. Ultrasound in Med & Biol 1999; 25(4): 531-539.

Michel E, et al. Critical closing pressure equivalent to cerebrovascular impedance? Presented at the 6th Meeting of Neurosonology Research Group; World Federation of Neurology, Salzburg, Austria, Sept 1-3, 1995. J Neuroimaging 1995; 5(supp 2). (abstract #28)

Moehring MA and JA Ritcey. Fundamental concepts regarding sizing and discrimination of air bubbles and red cell aggregates using pulsed-Doppler ultrasound. Echocardiography 1996; 13(5): 567-571.

Moehring MA and JA Ritcey. Microembolus sizing in a blood-mimicking fluid using a novel dual-frequency pulsed Doppler. Echocardiography 1996; 13(5): 573-577.

Moehring MA and JA Ritcey. Sizing emboli in blood using pulse Doppler ultrasound--I: Verification of the EBR model. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1996; 43(6): 572-580.

Moehring MA and JA Ritcey. Sizing emboli in blood using pulse Doppler ultrasound--II: Effects of beam refraction. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1996; 43(6): 581-588.

Moehring MA and JR Klepper. Pulse Doppler ultrasound detection, characterization and size estimation of emboli in flowing blood. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1994; 41(1): 35-44.

Moehring MA and KL Lent. In vitro verification of frequency dependent scattering of microemboli. Presented at the 1994 Symposium on Cerebral Hemodynamics, San Diego, CA, Feb 14-17, 1994. Stroke 1994; 24(3). (abstract #35)

Moehring MA, et al. Exploration of the embolus to blood power ratio model (EBR) for characterizing microemboli detected in the middle cerebral artery. Presented at the 1995 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium. IEEE June 1995; 1531-1535.

Nabavi DG, et al. Detection of microembolic signals in patients with middle cerebral artery stenosis by means of a bigate probe. A pilot study. Stroke 1996; 27(8): 1347-1349.

Newell DW. Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. Neurosurg Clin N Am 1994; 5(4): 619-631.

Nicholls SC, Byrd S, and DW Newell. Turbulence spectral artifact in transcranial Doppler embolism monitoring. Presented at the 1994 Symposium on Cerebral Hemodynamics, San Diego, CA, Feb 14-17, 1994. Stroke 1994; 24(3). (abstract #31)

Padayachee TS, et al. Computerized techniques for detecting gaseous microemboli in blood using pulsed Doppler ultrasound. Perfusion 1987; 2: 213-218.

Ries F. Clinical experience and perspectives with echo-enhanced transcranial Doppler and duplex imaging. Presented at the 6th Meeting of Neurosonology Research Group; World Federation of Neurology, Salzburg, Austria, Sept 1-3, 1995. J Neuroimaging 1995; 5(supp 2). (abstract #149)

Ries F. Clinical experience with echo-enhanced transcranial Doppler and duplex imaging. J Neuroimaging 1997; 7(supp 1): S15-S21.

Russell D, et al. The detection of cerebral emboli using transcranial Doppler. Presented at the 7th Int'l Symposium on Cerebral Hemodynamics, Lake Buena Vista, FL, Feb 6-10, 1993. Stroke 1993; 24(3). (abstract #53)

Russell D. Cerebral embolism detection with TCD. Presented at the 5th Meeting of Neurosonology Research Group; World Federation of Neurology, Toronto, Canada, Sept 1-3, 1993. (abstract #A-66)

Russell D. The detection of cerebral emboli using Doppler ultrasound. In: Transcranial Doppler. Edited by Newell DW and R Aaslid. New York: Raven Press Ltd, 1992. 207-313.

Schoonover KD, et al. The detection of emboli in internal carotid artery dissection using transcranial Doppler. J Vasc Tech 1994; 18(4): 205.

Schregel W. Value of transcranial Doppler sonography. Infusionsther-Transfusionsmed 1993; 20(5): 267-271.

Siebler M, et al. Real-time identification of cerebral microemboli with US feature detection by a neural network. Radiology 1994; 192(3): 739-742.

Spencer MP and HF Clark. Precordial monitoring of pulmonary gas embolism and decompression bubbles. Aerospace Med 1972; 43: 762-767.

Spencer MP and SD Campbell. Development of bubbles in venous and arterial blood during hyperbaric decompression. Bull Mason Clinic 1968; 22: 26-32.

Spencer MP, et al. Doppler detector for arterial microemboli. Submitted to AAMI 28th Annual Meeting & Conference, May 1993.

Spencer MP. Detection of cerebral arterial emboli: transcranial Doppler. In: Transcranial Doppler. Edited by Newell DW and R Aaslid. New York: Raven Press Ltd, 1992. 215-230.

Stump DA, et al. In vivo emboli detection: simultaneous CW Doppler monitoring and B-mode imaging of gaseous and solid material. Stroke 1992; 23: 474. (abstract #80)

Stump DA, et al. Validity and reliability of an ultrasound device for detecting carotid emboli. J Neuroimaging 1991; 1: 18-22.

Tegeler CH, et al. B-mode imaging during in vitro Doppler embolus detection monitoring. J Neuroimaging 1992; 2: 62. (abstract)

Tegeler CH, et al. Embolus detection helps localize embolic source. Presented at the 7th Int'l Symposium on Cerebral Hemodynamics, Lake Buena Vista, FL, Feb 6-10, 1993. Stroke 1993; 24: 508. (abstract)

Tegeler CH, et al. In vitro Doppler emboli detection monitoring with simultaneous B-mode imaging. Presented at the Symposium on Cerebral Hemodynamics, Phoenix, AZ, Jan 26-29, 1992. Stroke 1992; 23(3): 474. (abstract #79)

Tegeler CH, et al. Non-operative clinical use of carotid artery Doppler emboli detection. J Neuroimaging 1991; 1(3): 162. (abstract)

Truax W, et al. Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography in decompression illness. Presented at the 6th Int'l Symposium on Cerebral Hemodynamics, Phoenix, AZ, Jan 26-29, 1992. Stroke 1992; 23(3). (abstract #82)

Valdueza JM, et al. Venous transcranial Doppler ultrasound monitoring in acute dural sinus thrombosis. Report of two cases. Stroke 1995; 26(7): 1196-1199.

Vizkeleti L, et al. Detection of cerebral embolism due to atherosclerosis and cardiac disease using transcranial Doppler sonography monitoring. Presented at the 8th Int'l Symposium on Cerebral Hemodynamics, Münster, Germany, Sept 25-27, 1994. (abstract #106)

Widder B. Transcranial Doppler and duplex ultrasound -- where is the method helpful? Ultraschall Med 1994; 15(4): 174-177.

Copyright © 2001-2005 Spencer Technologies, 701 - 16th Ave., Seattle, Washington 98122, USA
Toll-Free: 1-800-684-0586, Local: 206-329-7220, Fax: 206-329-7230
Last modified: January 28, 2005